.The so-called Richter scale – also Richter magnitude or Richter magnitude scale, more accurately but informally Richter's magnitude scale – for measuring the strength ('size') of refers to the original 'magnitude scale' developed by and presented in his landmark 1935 paper. This was later revised and renamed the Local magnitude scale, denoted as 'ML' or 'M L'. Because of various shortcomings of the ML scale most seismological authorities now use other scales, such as the (M w ), to report earthquake magnitudes, but much of the news media still refers to these as 'Richter' magnitudes. All magnitude scales retain the character of the original, and are scaled to have roughly comparable numeric values. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library,. Boore, D.
An earthquake of magnitude 7 is times strong than an earthquake of magnitude 5. An earthquake of magnitude 8 is times stronger than an earthquake of magnitude 5. Example 1: Early in the century the earthquake in San Francisco registered 8.3 on the Richter scale. In the same year, another earthquake was recorded in South America that was four.
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(September 1989), (PDF), Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 1–14. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. (1980), NUREG/CR-1457. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. (February 21, 1936), (PDF), Science, 83 (2147): 183–185,:. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C.
(1956b), 'Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration (Second Paper)', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46 (2): 105–145. Hough, S. (2007), Princeton University Press,.
Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414,:. Kanamori, Hiroo (February 2, 1978), (PDF), Nature, 271 (5644): 411–414,:,:. (January 1935), (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32.External links.
at the. –.
– USGS. –.
Logarithmic word problems,in my experience, generally involve evaluating a given logarithmic equationat a given point, and solving for a given variable; they're pretty straightforward.On the other hand, exponential word problems tend to be much more involved,requiring, among other things, that the student first generate the exponentialequation, and perhaps then also find the value of one of the variablesbefore beginning to answer the actual question. Since log problems aretypically simpler, I'll start with them. Chemists definet he acidity or alkalinityof a substance according to the formula' pH= – logH +'whereH +is the hydrogen ion concentration, measured in moles per liter. Solutionswith a pH value of less than 7are acidic; solutions with a pH value of greater than 7are basic; solutions with a pH of 7(such a s purewater) are neutral.a) Suppose thatyou test apple juice and find that the hydrogen ion concentration isH + = 0.0003.Find the pH value and determine whether the juice is basic or acidic.b) You testsome ammonia and determine the hydrogen ion concentration to be H += 1.3 × 10 –9. Find thepH value and determine whether the ammonia is basic or acidic.In each case, I needto evaluate the pH function at the given value of H +.a) In the case of theapple juice, the hydrogen ion concentration is H += 0.0003, so:pH = – logH += – log0.0003 = 3.8.which is less than7,so this is acidic.b) In the case of theammonia, the hydrogen ion concentration is H += 1.3 × 10 –9,so:pH = – logH += – log1.3 × 10 –9 = 8.9.which is more than7,so this is basic.The juice isacidic with a pH of about 3.5,andthe ammonia is basic with a pH of about 8.9.
'Loudness'is measured in decibels. The formula for the loudness of a sound isgiven by ' dB= 10 logI÷ I 0 'where I 0is the intensity of 'threshold sound', or sound that can barelybe perceived. Other sounds are defined in terms of how many times moreintense they are than threshold sound. Forinstance, a cat's purr is about 316times as intense as threshold sound, for a decibel rating of. AdvertisementDb = 10 log I÷ I 0=10 log(316 I 0 )÷ I 0=10 log 316 =262.or 25decibels.Consideringthat prolonged exposure to sounds above 85decibels can cause hearing damage or loss, and considering that a gunshotfrom a.22 rimfirerifle hasan intensity of about I= (2.5 ×10 13)I 0,should you follow the rules and wear ear protection when relaxing atthe rifle range?I need to evaluate thedecibel equation at I= (2.5 ×10 13)I 0:Db = 10 log I ÷ I 0 =10 log (2.5 ×10 13)I 0 ÷ I 0 =10 log2.5 ×10 13=187.In other words, my riflecreates a noise level of about 134decibels. Since this is well above the level at which I can suffer hearingdamage,I should followthe rules and wear ear protection.
Earthquake intensityis measured by the Richter scale. The formula for the Richter ratingof a given quake is given by 'R= log I ÷ I 0 'whereI 0is the 'threshold quake', or movement that can barely be detected,and the intensity Iis given in terms of multiples of that threshold intensity.
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